How is the term "insanity" relevant as a defense in criminal law?

The relevance of the term "insanity" as a defense in criminal law lies in its assertion that the defendant lacked the mental capacity to understand the nature of their actions due to mental illness at the time the crime was committed. This defense focuses on the defendant's mental state and cognitive functioning, arguing that they were unable to appreciate the difference between right and wrong or could not conform their conduct to the law due to their condition.

The insanity defense recognizes that punishment is justified when a person has the capacity to make rational decisions and understands the consequences of their actions. Therefore, if a defendant is found to be legally insane, they may not be held criminally responsible for their actions, as the law acknowledges that they were in a state that impaired their judgment. This legal principle aims to ensure that individuals who truly cannot understand their actions due to a severe mental disorder are treated in a manner consistent with their mental health needs rather than through traditional punitive methods.